Chapter 29 Terms and Definitions
- Progressive ("Bull Moose") Party
The third party Theodore Roosevelt formed in 1912 after breaking with Taft, running on the "New Nationalism" platform.
- New Nationalism
Roosevelt's 1912 platform favoring strong federal regulation of large corporations rather than their forced breakup.
- New Freedom
Woodrow Wilson's 1912 platform favoring the breakup of monopolies to restore competitive markets rather than regulating them.
- Woodrow Wilson
Democratic governor of New Jersey and former Princeton University president, elected president in 1912 and 1916.
- Underwood Tariff
An 1913 law that substantially lowered tariff rates, paired with the nation's first modern federal income tax.
- Sixteenth Amendment
Ratified in 1913, it authorized Congress to levy a graduated federal income tax.
- Federal Reserve Act
An 1913 law creating a system of regional reserve banks under a central Federal Reserve Board, giving the U.S. an elastic currency and modern central banking.
- Clayton Antitrust Act
An 1914 law that outlawed specific monopolistic practices and exempted labor unions from prosecution as illegal antitrust combinations.
- Federal Trade Commission
A regulatory agency created in 1914 to investigate and issue cease-and-desist orders against unfair business practices.
- Federal Farm Loan Act
A law extending low-cost credit to American farmers through a system of regional farm loan banks.
- Adamson Act
An 1916 law mandating an eight-hour workday for interstate railroad workers, averting a threatened national rail strike.
- Keating-Owen Act
An 1916 law restricting child labor in goods shipped across state lines; the Supreme Court later struck it down as unconstitutional.
- Moral Diplomacy
Wilson's stated foreign policy of rejecting territorial conquest and "dollar diplomacy" in favor of promoting democracy abroad.
- Dollar Diplomacy
The earlier policy, associated with Taft, of using American financial investment and loans to extend U.S. influence abroad.
- Victoriano Huerta
The Mexican general whose government, installed through murder, Wilson refused to recognize, leading to the Veracruz occupation.
- Veracruz Occupation
Wilson's 1914 order sending the U.S. Navy to occupy the Mexican port of Veracruz to pressure Huerta from power.
- Pancho Villa
A Mexican revolutionary leader whose 1916 raid on Columbus, New Mexico, prompted the U.S. Punitive Expedition.
- John J. Pershing
The U.S. Army general who led the unsuccessful Punitive Expedition into Mexico to capture Pancho Villa.
- Punitive Expedition
Wilson's 1916 military campaign into Mexico, led by Pershing, that failed to capture Villa and strained U.S.-Mexican relations.
- Charles Evans Hughes
The Supreme Court justice who ran as the Republican presidential candidate against Wilson in 1916.
- "He Kept Us Out of War"
Wilson's 1916 reelection campaign slogan, appealing to a war-weary American electorate as World War I raged in Europe.