Chapter 28 Terms and Definitions

Progressivism: A broad, middle-class reform movement of the early 1900s that sought to use government to curb the abuses of industrial capitalism and make democracy more direct and efficient.
Muckrakers: Investigative journalists who exposed corruption and social ills in business and government, building public support for progressive reform.
Upton Sinclair: Author of The Jungle (1906), whose exposé of the meatpacking industry spurred federal food-safety legislation.
Ida Tarbell: Muckraking journalist whose investigative history of the Standard Oil Company helped fuel the antitrust movement.
Initiative, Referendum, and Recall: Progressive-era direct democracy reforms allowing voters to propose laws, approve or reject legislation directly, and remove corrupt officials from office.
Robert "Fighting Bob" La Follette: Progressive governor and senator from Wisconsin who pioneered the "Wisconsin Idea" of using expert commissions to regulate business.
Jane Addams: Social reformer who founded Hull House in Chicago in 1889, a settlement house providing services to immigrants and the urban poor.
Muller v. Oregon: An 1908 Supreme Court decision upholding maximum-hour laws for women workers, a landmark for protective labor legislation.
Square Deal: Theodore Roosevelt's domestic program, resting on the "three C's": control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation.
Anthracite Coal Strike (1902): A major labor dispute that Roosevelt helped resolve through arbitration, marking a new precedent of presidential neutrality between labor and management.
Trustbusting: Roosevelt's policy of prosecuting monopolistic corporations under antitrust law, most famously the Northern Securities Company.
Northern Securities Company: A railroad holding company that the Supreme Court ordered dissolved in 1904, a signature victory for Roosevelt's antitrust policy.
Elkins Act: An 1903 law that outlawed secret railroad rebates, strengthening federal regulation of the rail industry.
Hepburn Act: An 1906 law that expanded the Interstate Commerce Commission's power to set maximum railroad rates.
Meat Inspection Act: An 1906 law requiring federal inspection of meat sold in interstate commerce, prompted by revelations in The Jungle.
Pure Food and Drug Act: An 1906 law restricting the sale of adulterated or falsely labeled foods and medicines.
Gifford Pinchot: Chief of the U.S. Forest Service under Roosevelt, who championed the scientific management of natural resources.
Newlands Reclamation Act: An 1902 law that funded irrigation projects in western states through revenue from public land sales.
William Howard Taft: Roosevelt's chosen successor, elected president in 1908, whose administration split the Republican Party over the tariff and conservation.
Payne-Aldrich Tariff: An 1909 tariff law that failed to lower rates as progressives had hoped, angering reform Republicans and Roosevelt.
Ballinger-Pinchot Affair: A conservation policy dispute in which Taft sided against Gifford Pinchot, deepening the rift between Taft and progressive Republicans.