Chapter 12 Terms and Definitions

War of 1812: The war (1812–1815) between the United States and Great Britain, fought over impressment, trade interference, and western expansion; sometimes called the "Second War for Independence."
War Hawks: Young, nationalistic congressmen — led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun — who pushed the United States into war with Britain in 1812.
USS Constitution ("Old Ironsides"): The famous American frigate whose victories over British warships boosted national morale during the War of 1812.
Oliver Hazard Perry: The American commodore who defeated the British fleet at the Battle of Lake Erie in 1813.
Tecumseh: The Shawnee leader who built a Native confederacy and allied with the British; he was killed at the Battle of the Thames in 1813.
Fort McHenry: The Baltimore fort whose successful defense in 1814 inspired Francis Scott Key to write "The Star-Spangled Banner."
Treaty of Ghent: The 1814 treaty that ended the War of 1812, restoring the prewar boundaries (status quo ante bellum) without settling the original disputes.
Hartford Convention: An 1814–1815 meeting of New England Federalists who opposed the war and demanded constitutional changes; it discredited and helped destroy the Federalist party.
Battle of New Orleans: Andrew Jackson's smashing 1815 victory over the British, fought two weeks after the Treaty of Ghent had already been signed.
Nationalism: A surge of national pride and unity that followed the War of 1812, shaping American politics, economics, and culture.
American System: Henry Clay's economic plan built on a protective tariff, a national bank, and federally funded internal improvements.
Henry Clay: Kentucky statesman and "Great Compromiser" who championed the American System and engineered the Missouri Compromise.
Tariff of 1816: The first protective tariff in U.S. history, designed to shield young American factories from British competition.
Second Bank of the United States: A national bank chartered in 1816 to provide a stable national currency and credit.
Era of Good Feelings: The period under President Monroe of apparent one-party political harmony, though tensions over slavery and the economy simmered beneath the surface.
James Monroe: The fifth president (1817–1825), whose administration spanned the Era of Good Feelings and issued the Monroe Doctrine.
Panic of 1819: The nation's first major financial crisis, marked by bank failures, unemployment, and foreclosures, which fueled western resentment of the national bank.
Missouri Compromise: The 1820 agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as free, and banned slavery north of the 36°30′ line.
McCulloch v. Maryland: The 1819 Supreme Court case in which John Marshall upheld the national bank and endorsed a loose construction of the Constitution.
Monroe Doctrine: President Monroe's 1823 declaration warning European powers against further colonization or intervention in the Americas.