Chapter 11 Terms and Definitions

Revolution of 1800: Jefferson's name for his election victory, celebrating the first peaceful transfer of power from one political party to another in U.S. history.
Twelfth Amendment: Ratified in 1804, it required electors to cast separate ballots for president and vice president, preventing another tie like the one between Jefferson and Burr in 1800.
Patronage: The practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs and favors; Jefferson used it sparingly compared with later presidents.
Albert Gallatin: Jefferson's talented Secretary of the Treasury, a financial genius who worked to reduce the national debt while keeping the government solvent.
Judiciary Act of 1801: A last-minute Federalist law that created sixteen new federal judgeships, which outgoing President Adams filled with loyal "midnight judges."
Midnight Judges: The Federalist judges appointed by John Adams in the final hours of his presidency under the Judiciary Act of 1801.
Marbury v. Madison: The 1803 Supreme Court case in which Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review.
Judicial Review: The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws of Congress unconstitutional, established in Marbury v. Madison.
John Marshall: Federalist Chief Justice of the Supreme Court (1801–1835) whose decisions strengthened the federal government and the power of the courts.
Samuel Chase: A Federalist Supreme Court justice whom Republicans tried but failed to remove through impeachment, setting a precedent against using impeachment for political disagreement.
Louisiana Purchase: The 1803 acquisition of the vast Louisiana territory from France for about $15 million, which doubled the size of the United States.
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark: Leaders of the Corps of Discovery, who explored the Louisiana territory and the route to the Pacific from 1804 to 1806.
Sacagawea: The Shoshone woman who served as a guide and interpreter for the Lewis and Clark expedition.
Zebulon Pike: An army explorer who mapped the southern portion of the Louisiana territory and sighted the Colorado peak later named for him.
Aaron Burr: Jefferson's first vice president, who killed Alexander Hamilton in a duel in 1804 and was later tried for (and acquitted of) treason.
Tripolitan War (Barbary pirates): A 1801–1805 naval conflict in which Jefferson sent the U.S. Navy against the North African Barbary states rather than continue paying tribute.
Impressment: The British practice of forcibly seizing American sailors and forcing them to serve in the Royal Navy — a major grievance leading toward war.
Chesapeake Affair: The 1807 incident in which the British warship Leopard fired on the USS Chesapeake, killing Americans and inflaming demands for war.
Embargo Act: Jefferson's 1807 law banning all American exports in hopes of coercing Britain and France; it devastated the U.S. economy, especially in New England.
Non-Intercourse Act: The 1809 law that replaced the embargo, reopening trade with all nations except Britain and France.
Macon's Bill No. 2: An 1810 measure that reopened trade with Britain and France, promising to cut off the other nation if either agreed to respect American neutral rights.