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Chapter 9 Vocabulary

Articles of Confederation: The Articles of Confederation were the first constitution of the United States, adopted in 1777 and ratified in 1781. They established a weak central government with limited powers, resulting in challenges in maintaining order and addressing economic and diplomatic issues.
Old Northwest: The Old Northwest, also known as the Northwest Territory, referred to the region northwest of the Ohio River and east of the Mississippi River. This area was part of the land ceded to the United States by Britain in the Treaty of Paris (1783).
Land Ordinance of 1785: The Land Ordinance of 1785 was a law that provided for the surveying and sale of public lands in the Old Northwest. It organized the territory into townships and established a system for selling land to settlers.
Northwest Ordinance: The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 outlined the process by which new territories could become states. It also prohibited slavery in the Old Northwest and emphasized the importance of public education.
Shays's Rebellion: Shays's Rebellion was an armed uprising of Massachusetts farmers, led by Daniel Shays, against high taxes and oppressive debt policies. It highlighted the weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation and contributed to calls for a stronger central government.
Virginia Plan: The Virginia Plan, proposed by James Madison, called for a strong central government with a bicameral legislature based on population. It formed the basis for discussions at the Constitutional Convention of 1787.
New Jersey Plan: The New Jersey Plan, proposed by William Paterson, advocated for a unicameral legislature with equal representation for each state. It offered an alternative to the Virginia Plan during the Constitutional Convention.
Great Compromise: The Great Compromise, also known as the Connecticut Compromise, combined elements of the Virginia and New Jersey Plans. It created a bicameral legislature with the House of Representatives based on population and the Senate with equal representation for each state.
Common Law: Common law is a legal system derived from court decisions and precedents rather than from statutes or codes. It is often associated with English legal tradition and emphasizes case law as a basis for legal decisions.
Civil Law: Civil law is a legal system based on written codes and statutes. It is commonly used in many European countries and places a strong emphasis on codified laws.
Three-Fifths Compromise: The Three-Fifths Compromise was a provision in the U.S. Constitution that counted three-fifths of the enslaved population for the purpose of determining a state's representation in the House of Representatives and taxation.
Antifederalists: Antifederalists were individuals who opposed the ratification of the U.S. Constitution because they believed it granted too much power to the federal government and lacked adequate protections for individual rights.
Federalists: Federalists were individuals who supported the ratification of the U.S. Constitution and believed in a strong federal government. They emphasized the need for a balanced and centralized authority.
The Federalist: "The Federalist," also known as "The Federalist Papers," is a collection of essays written by Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay. The essays advocated for the ratification of the U.S. Constitution and explained its principles and benefits.
Society of the Cincinnati: The Society of the Cincinnati was an organization of American Revolutionary War officers established in 1783. It aimed to promote friendship among officers and preserve the memory of their service. Some critics viewed it as a threat to republican principles.
Disestablished: To be "disestablished" means to end the official support or recognition of a state religion. During the Revolutionary period, several states disestablished their colonial-era churches, separating church and state.
Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom: The Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, authored by Thomas Jefferson in 1786, advocated for the separation of church and state and affirmed religious liberty for all citizens.
Civic Virtue: Civic virtue refers to the dedication of citizens to the common welfare of their community or nation, often demonstrated through active participation in public affairs and the pursuit of the greater good.
Republican Motherhood: Republican motherhood was an ideology in early America that emphasized the role of women in teaching and nurturing the values of republicanism to their children, thereby contributing to the success of the new nation.