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Chapter 7 Vocabulary

Republicanism: Republicanism is a political philosophy that emphasizes the importance of a state in which the supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives, rather than by a monarch. It influenced the thinking of many American colonists and was a core principle during the American Revolutionary era.
Radical Whigs: The Radical Whigs were a group of British political commentators and writers who criticized corruption and the abuse of power in the government. Their ideas on liberty and government were influential in shaping the American colonists' views on the role of government and the rights of citizens.
Mercantilism: Mercantilism is an economic theory prevalent during the colonial era that emphasizes a nation's wealth as measured by its stock of gold and silver. It encouraged colonial raw material production, export of finished goods to colonies, and the establishment of colonies as sources of wealth.
Sugar Act: The Sugar Act of 1764 was a British law that imposed taxes on sugar and other goods imported to the American colonies. It was aimed at raising revenue to pay off the debt from the French and Indian War.
Quartering Act: The Quartering Act of 1765 required colonial authorities to provide housing and provisions for British troops stationed in the American colonies. It contributed to colonial grievances against British authority.
Stamp Tax: The Stamp Tax, imposed by the Stamp Act of 1765, required that certain documents, newspapers, and printed materials carry a tax stamp. The tax was widely protested in the colonies and played a significant role in triggering colonial unrest and resistance.
Admiralty Courts: Admiralty Courts were British courts that dealt with maritime offenses and violations of trade regulations in the colonies. They operated without juries and were seen by colonists as denying them their right to a fair trial.
Stamp Act Congress: The Stamp Act Congress, held in 1765, was a meeting of representatives from several colonies to discuss and protest the Stamp Act. It produced the "Declaration of Rights and Grievances," asserting the colonists' rights as British subjects.
Nonimportation Agreements: Nonimportation agreements were agreements among colonial merchants to boycott British goods as a form of protest against British policies. They were used to exert economic pressure on Britain to repeal objectionable laws.
Sons of Liberty: The Sons of Liberty were colonial protest groups formed to oppose British taxation and other measures that encroached on colonial rights. They often organized protests, boycotts, and acts of civil disobedience.
Daughters of Liberty: The Daughters of Liberty were women in the American colonies who participated in the nonimportation movement by making their own cloth and other goods to replace boycotted British goods.
Declaratory Act: The Declaratory Act of 1766 asserted Britain's authority to make laws and statutes binding on the colonies "in all cases whatsoever," even though the Stamp Act had been repealed. It was intended to reassert British control over the colonies after the repeal of the Stamp Act.
Townshend Acts: The Townshend Acts of 1767 were a series of acts passed by the British Parliament that imposed duties on various colonial imports, including tea, glass, and paper. They led to further colonial protests and boycotts.
Boston Massacre: The Boston Massacre occurred in 1770 when British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists in Boston, killing several and injuring others. The event heightened tensions between the colonies and Britain.
Committees of Correspondence: Committees of Correspondence were networks established in the American colonies to communicate and coordinate responses to British policies and actions. They played a vital role in fostering unity among the colonies and disseminating information.
Boston Tea Party: The Boston Tea Party occurred in 1773 when American colonists, dressed as Mohawk Indians, boarded British ships and dumped crates of tea into Boston Harbor to protest the Tea Act and British taxation.
Intolerable Acts: The Intolerable Acts, also known as the Coercive Acts, were a series of punitive measures passed by the British Parliament in 1774 in response to the Boston Tea Party. They were designed to bring Massachusetts into line but instead fueled colonial outrage and resistance.
Quebec Act: The Quebec Act of 1774 expanded the boundaries of Quebec and granted greater religious and political rights to French Catholics. It was opposed by many American colonists who saw it as an encroachment on their own rights.
First Continental Congress: The First Continental Congress, held in 1774, was a meeting of delegates from most of the colonies in response to the Intolerable Acts. It marked a significant step toward colonial unity and resistance against British policies.
The Association: The Association was a colonial agreement adopted by the First Continental Congress in 1774. It called for a boycott of British goods and encouraged nonimportation and nonconsumption as a form of protest.
Lexington and Concord: The Battles of Lexington and Concord, which occurred in 1775, were the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War. They marked the beginning of armed conflict between British troops and colonial militia.
Valley Forge: Valley Forge was the site of the Continental Army's winter encampment during the harsh winter of 1777-1778. The soldiers endured extreme hardships, but the experience contributed to the development of a more disciplined and cohesive army.
Camp Followers: Camp followers were civilians, often women and children, who accompanied armies during the American Revolutionary War. They provided essential services such as cooking, cleaning, and nursing for the soldiers.